Kahoolawe - Wikipedia. Kaho. More than one quarter of Kaho. After decades of protests, the U. S. Navy ended live- fire training exercises on Kahoolawe in 1.
Hawaii in 1. 99. 4. The Hawaii State Legislature established the Kahoolawe Island Reserve to restore and to oversee the island and its surrounding waters. Today Kahoolawe can be used only for native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes. The U. S. Census Bureau defines Kahoolawe as Block Group 9, Census Tract 3. Maui County, Hawaii. Kahoolawe has no permanent residents. Some inland areas were cultivated. These indicators of an earlier time can still be found on Kahoolawe. While it is not known how many people inhabited Kahoolawe, the lack of freshwater probably limited the population to a few hundred people. As many as 1. 20 people might have once lived at Hakioawa, the largest settlement, which was located at the northeastern end of the island. During the War of Kamokuhi, Kalani. After the arrival of missionaries from New England, the Kingdom of Hawaii under the rule of King Kamehameha III replaced the death penalty with exile, and Kahoolawe became a men's penal colony sometime around 1. Food and water were scarce, some prisoners reportedly starved, and some of them swam across the channel to Maui to find food. Hawaii has been a prime movie and film location for shooting independent and major motion pictures, surf videos, travel and lifestyle shows and countless other media. Famous White Folks We Didn’t Know Were The Biological Parents Of Black Children.The law making the island a penal colony was repealed in 1. A survey of Kahoolawe in 1. Along the shore, tobacco, pineapple, gourds, pili grass, and scrub trees grew. Beginning in 1. 85. Hawaiian government leased Kahoolawe to a series of ranching ventures. Some of these proved to be more successful than others, but the lack of freshwater was an unrelenting enemy. Through the next 8. Strong trade winds blew away most of the topsoil, leaving behind red hardpan dirt. This program failed, and leases again became available. In 1. 91. 8, the rancher Angus Mac. Phee of Wyoming, with the help of the landowner Harry Baldwin of Maui, leased the island for 2. By 1. 93. 2, the ranching operation was enjoying moderate success. After heavy rains, native grasses and flowering plants would sprout, but droughts always returned. In 1. 94. 1, Mac. Phee sublet part of the island to the U. S. Later that year, because of continuing drought, Mac. Phee removed his cattle from the island. Training grounds. The detonation of the 5. TNT explosive charge for test shot . Army declared martial law throughout Hawaii, and it used Kahoolawe as a place to train American soldiers and Marines headed west to engage in the War in the Pacific. The use of Kahoolawe as a bombing range was believed to be critical, since the United States was executing a new type of war in the Pacific Islands. Their success depended on accurate naval gunfire support that suppressed or destroyed enemy positions as U. S. Marines and soldiers struggled to get ashore. Thousands of soldiers, sailors, Marines, airmen, and coastguardsmen prepared on Kahoolawe for the brutal and costly assaults on islands such as the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, the Marianas and Pelileu, New Guinea, et cetera, in the Western Pacific. During the Korean War, warplanes from aircraft carriers played a critical role in attacking enemy airfields, convoys, and troop staging areas. Mock- ups of airfields, military camps, and vehicles were constructed on Kahoolawe, and while pilots were preparing for war at Barbers Point Naval Air Station on Oahu, they practiced spotting and hitting the mock- ups at Kahoolawe. Similar training took place throughout the Cold War and during the War in Vietnam, with mock- ups of aircraft, radar installations, gun mounts, and surface- to- air missile sites being placed across this island for pilots and bombardiers to use in their training. In early 1. 96. 5, the U. S. Navy conducted Operation Sailor Hat to determine the blast resistance of ships. Three tests off the coast of Kahoolawe subjected the island and a target ship to massive explosions, with 5. TNT detonated on the island near the target ship USS Atlanta (CL- 1. This warship was damaged, but she was not sunk. The blasts created a crater on the island known as . Federal Court to stop the Navy's use of Kahoolawe for bombardment training, to require compliance with a number of new environmental laws and to ensure protection of cultural resources on the island. District Court for the District of Hawaii allowed the Navy's use of this island to continue, but the Court directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impact statement and to complete an inventory of historic sites on the island. The effort to regain Kaho. Navy inspired a new political awareness and activism within the Hawaiian community. Over 5. 0 people from across the Hawaiian islands, including a range of cultural leaders, gathered on Maui with the goal of . The date was selected because of its association with the United States' bicentennial anniversary. As the larger group headed towards the island, they were intercepted by military crafts. They were Walter Ritte, Emmett Aluli, George Helm, Gail Kawaipuna Prejean, Stephen K. Morse, Kimo Aluli, Aunty Ellen Miles, Ian Lind, and Karla Villalba of the Puyallup/Muckleshoot tribe (Washington State). In an effort to reach Kaho. Despite extensive rescue and recovery efforts, they were never recovered. Ritte became a leader in the Hawaiian community, coordinating community efforts including for water rights, opposition to land development, and the protection of marine animals and ocean resources. At that time, the Kahoolawe Archaeological District was noted to contain 5. As part of the soil conservation efforts, Mike Ruppe, an Army Specialist on loan from Schofield Barracks, plus other military personnel, laid lines of explosives, detonating them to break the hardpan so that seedling trees could be planted. Used car tires were taken to Kahoolawe and placed in miles of deep gullies to slow the washing of red soil from the barren uplands to the surrounding shores. Ordnance and scrap metal was picked up by hand and then transported by large trucks to a collection site. Bush ordered an end to live- fire training on the island. Department of Defense. Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1. Kahoolawe Island Conveyance Commission to recommend terms and conditions for the conveyance of Kahoolawe from the U. S. Title X also established the objective of a . As directed by Title X and in accordance with a required memorandum of understanding between the U. S. Navy and the state of Hawaii, the Navy transferred the title to the land of Kahoolawe to the state of Hawaii on May 9, 1. As required by Title X, the U. S. Navy retained access control to the island until the clearance and environmental restoration projects were completed, or until November 1. The state agreed to prepare a use plan for Kahoolawe and the Navy agreed to develop a cleanup plan based on that use plan and to implement that plan to the extent Congress provided funds for that purpose. In July 1. 99. 7, the Navy awarded a contract to the Parsons/UXB Joint Venture to clear unexploded ordnance from the island to the extent funds were provided by Congress. Navy executed a large- scale, but limited. The Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission developed a plan to manage the residual risk to reserve users and to carry out a safety program, and to establish stewardship organizations to work in conjunction with the commission. By state law, Kahoolawe and its waters can be used only for Native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes; fishing; environmental restoration; historic preservation; and education. All commercial uses are prohibited. The legislature also created the Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission to manage the reserve while it is held in trust for a future Native Hawaiian sovereignty entity. Plans will include methods for damming gullies and reducing rainwater runoff. In some areas, non- native plants will temporarily stabilize soils before planting of permanent native species. Species used for revegetation include . The crater area of Lua Makika is not considered an `ili and does not belong to any `ili. According to other sources, the island was subdivided into 1. Kona, Ko. State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols: a Historical Guide (3 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. State of Hawaii Data Book. State of Hawaii Data Book. Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Hawaii Division of Land and Natural Resources. Silva: Population Trends on Kahoolawe^Block Group 9, Census Tract 3. Maui County United States Census Bureau^Macdonald, Gordon Andrew; Agatin Townsend Abbott; Frank L. Volcanoes in the Sea: the Geology of Hawaii (2 ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii: Management and Research(PDF). An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Pacific. Basin Communications. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 7. Retrieved June 1. Retrieved June 1. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. From Commander, Navy Region Hawaii Public Affairs. Retrieved September 1. Retrieved September 1. Retrieved September 1. Part one in a series about Maui County. Maui Weekly, November 1. PBR HAWA. The Island Edge of America: A Political History of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. Juvik, Sonia P.; James O. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Levin, Wayne; Roland B. Kaho'olawe Na Leo O Kanaloa: Chants and Stories of Kaho'olawe. Mac. Donald, Peter (1. Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. Pacific. Basin Communications. Ritte, Jr., Walter; Sawyer, Richard (1. Honolulu, HI, USA: Aloha 'Aina o na Kupuna, Inc. Sano, H; Sherrod, D; Tagami, T (2. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Pacific. Basin Communications. Bibcode: 2. 00. 6JVGR. S. Tavares, Hannibal M.; Noa Emmett Aluli; A. Frenchy De. Soto; James A. Howard Stephenson (1. Kaho'olawe Island: Restoring a Cultural Treasure. Hawaii and the LGBT Community, Same sex marriage and civil unions legalised. Hawaii and the LGBT Community. Being one of the best vacation spots in the world, Hawaii gets visitors from every race, color, personality, and sexual orientation. Regarding sexual orientation, Hawaii is an LGBT- friendly vacation spot, with several establishments, accommodations, and festivals especially for gay tourists and couples. Whether you want a gay bar, beach, or inn, there should be one in Hawaii ready to serve you. Gay in Hawaiian culture. It is noted that same- sex relationships have been part of the Hawaiian culture. There is a special term for this, which is aikane. According to records, even Cook was perplexed to find that even the chiefs had same- sex relations with their aikane. And with other cultures in Hawaii such as the Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos having cultural references to homosexuality, Hawaii is not really that unfamiliar with the culture of homosexuality. Safety and community. Hawaii has state laws against discrimination, whether it's due to color, race, sex, or sexual orientation. There are hate crime laws that specifically have provisions for crimes based on gender or sexual preference. As such, Hawaii is a place where gay people are free to express themselves and their sexual preferences. As for the community, there are several gay organizations in the state to give support to gay people. For example, the University of Hawaii has an LGBT Student Services Office that gives support to gay issues, such as violence or discrimination within the campus. There is also Dignity, a group for Roman Catholic LGBTs. You can also find the Marriage Project Hawaii, a group that supports the legalization of same- sex marriages in Hawaii. One can also find a Hawaii chapter of the LIFE Foundation for HIV and AIDS victims. Most of the gay community can be found in the capital of Honolulu, as it is the center of culture, education, and events in the state. The gay hotspot in the area is located in Waikiki beach, where several gay establishments set up shop. On the issue of same- sex marriage. Same sex unions have always been tolerated in Hawaii and on November 1. Hawaii Marriage Equality Act was signed by Governor Abercrombie. Five years prior to that, the Hawaii Supreme Court determined that not giving marriage licenses to same- sex couples is an act of discrimination. So, there was an apparent contradiction between the Hawaiian Constitution with regards to its charters against discrimination and same- sex marriage. One of the workaround was to distinguish marriages from civil union. In a civil union, the couple is granted the same rights as married couples do. Basically, it opens a door for same- sex couples to enjoy the same rights as married couples without infringing the constitution. This resulted to the House Bill 4. Hawaii Legislative. It has already passed the Hawaii House of Representatives, and is in the Hawaii Senate. The deliberation of the bill was met with vigils and rallies from both opponents and supporters of the bill. Much of the concerns about the bill were its similarity or lack of distinction from marriage, thus distinctions have been made and some of the rights mentioned in the bill were proposed to be amended. As of May 2. 00. 9, amendments to the bill were suggested and were approved by the majority. This meant the bill would have to go back to the House of Representatives to be voted upon once again due to the amendments, or it would be handled by a special House committee. This program grants couples certain rights, such as inheritance, hospital visitation, and medical care decisions. The requirements of getting a reciprocal beneficiary are simple: one must be of legal age, and one should not be married, or have an existing reciprocal beneficiary with another person. If one is interested to get one, one should just go to the State Department of Health, fill- up the forms, and pay the fee. Once registered, one can enjoy the rights stated in the program within the state of Hawaii. As the requirements do not mention anything about gender or sex, this gives gay couples certain rights like the ones married couples do. LGBT accommodations and establishments. As mentioned earlier, there are specific gay spots in Hawaii, should you want to meet up with the LGBT community in Hawaii. So if you want to feel comfortable with people with the same preference as you and your partner do, you can visit some of these places. When you're in the Big Island, you can go to the Aloha Guest House in West Hawaii. This establishment serves primarily gay and lesbian customers so you should feel right at home. If you're in the East Hawaii area, you can go to the Hale Ohia Cottages and the Pamalu Bed and Breakfast. Pamalu is more for gays and lesbians, while the Hale Ohia has a mix of straight and gay guests. The Big Island is great when you want to see the volcanoes, beaches, and the natural landscape, although the gay scene in the Big Island is not as lively as the others. The gay scene is limited to parties at private homes. So, you should contact local groups for any events during your stay. If you plan to go to Kauai, one of the gay accommodations that you can find is the Mahina Kai Ocean Villa. You can enjoy the natural beauty of Kauai, and also get to learn something about Hawaiian history and culture. Much like in the Big Island, gay establishments are not so big in this island. But the gay community does hold socials and beach parties. You can also get in touch with the local gay community should you want to join in on the party. When in Maui, some of the establishments you can go for are the Maui Sunseeker and the Maui Coast Hotel. The Sunseeker is more for the LGBT crowd, while the Coast Hotel is for a mixed crowd. Sadly, there are no gay bars in Maui, but the local group is active and usually has events that are open to visitors. There are bars in Maui that hold special events for the gay community. Like with Kauai and Big Island, you should do more research and planning if you want to have some gay parties in Maui. When it comes to Oahu, you have come to the Hawaii gay central. Aside from the beaches and marine life, Oahu also offers you the liveliest gay spot in Hawaii. For accommodations, you can look up Cabana Vacation Rentals for a mostly gay and lesbian guest list. As for gay bars and establishments, you have lots to choose from. Mostly, these establishments are found in Waikiki Beach. Some of the bars that you can visit are the Angles Waikiki, Fusion Waikiki, In Between Waikiki, and Michelangelo's. These establishments are primarily gay bars with different shows and events each night for the LGBT crowd. If you're in for some adult entertainment, you can also look for P- 1. A, a private club for men with nude shows and adult films. You can also find gyms, spas, and other relaxation and fitness centers that cater to LGBT customers in Oahu. If you're planning to take your wedding vows in Hawaii, there are several wedding services that cater to gay couples. For example, you can go to Hawaii Gay Weddings to take care of your wedding planning and services. These services can include food catering and activities that can make the occassion more memorable. As Hawaii is famous for its romantic and memorable weddings, your sexual preference won't hinder you and your partner from getting one of your own. Despite the fact that same- sex marriage is not legal in Hawaii, . For example, you can attend the Honolulu, Maui, and Hawaii Island Gay Pride festivals. Another event to look out for is the Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival, which features films that tackle gay themes and issues. Be gay and proud in Hawaii. If you're gay, then that should not be a problem in Hawaii. Aside from being assured that your right for self- expression is respected and preserved, you're also assured that you won't be out of place with the gay establishments that Hawaii has. Though the civil union bill was not successful in Hawaii, the state still has provisions that grant some of the rights of married couples to same- sex couples. As such, there is much promise for the gay movement in Hawaii. But for now, you can be sure that a fun and exciting vacation awaits you in the tropical archipelago of Hawaii.
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